For which type of conduct might an officer make an arrest without it being observed directly?

An officer may make an arrest for domestic violence even if the act itself was not directly observed due to the nature of the situation. In many jurisdictions, laws emphasize the seriousness of domestic violence and enable officers to intervene based on evidence, reports, or the circumstances that suggest that a crime has occurred.

This approach allows law enforcement to act to protect victims and prevent further harm, recognizing that domestic violence often takes place behind closed doors and may leave no direct witnesses. For example, if a victim reports an incident, shows visible signs of injury, or if there are corroborating circumstances (like witness accounts or prior history), an officer could legally initiate an arrest even without witnessing the violence firsthand.

The other types of conduct listed typically require an officer to either witness the event or have substantial evidence of the act occurring in order to make an immediate arrest. Therefore, domestic violence stands out as a category where immediate action can be warranted to ensure the safety and protection of individuals involved.